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The Deal with Dentals

The Deal with Dentals

Oct 14, 2019 | Dentals

Tuesdays with Tony

As you all know, my docs and techs have been doing some traveling this time of year to different continuing education seminars. But did you know, this is a requirement for my docs? They have to go for 30 hours of continuing education every 2 years to stay up to date to the most recent research and talk to other docs about all things equine. They happily oblige as they usually get to go somewhere different, catch up with old friends and colleagues, and learn some pretty neat stuff to bring back to all you lovely folks.

A couple weeks ago, Dr. Abbott went jet setting off to the frigid tundra that is Wisconsin. They asked me to go, but I don’t leave the comfort of my Florida warmth. Since Dr. Abbott has been back, all I have heard about is teeth this and teeth that. Goodness, who cares about teeth that much? I am sure I could eat my canned food just fine even if I did not have any teeth. In fact, I bet I could eat it even faster! Nonetheless, the docs all seem to think your horse’s teeth are pretty important and now they expect me to teach you all about them.

Unlike the superior species that is the cat, horses have hypsodont teeth. This means that their teeth continue to erupt after forming and will do so for most of the horse’s life. This also means that the length of their teeth is limited and therefore so is the lifespan of their teeth. Why is this important, you ask? Well, since their teeth are continuously erupting, this means they are also continuously developing wear patterns as they grind their feed. Horses eat even more than I do, so that’s a lot of wear.

 Springhill Equine Veterinary Clinic

Oral Examination

Horses grind their feed in a circular pattern, and they have the tendency to develop dental problems as they age.  You all have heard about floating horse’s teeth and the importance of the yearly dental. But did you know the bigger part of the yearly dental is actually the oral exam? This is why it’s so important to have your horse’s teeth examined at least yearly by a licensed veterinarian. Luckily, you have my docs at your fingertips. When you call to have a dental performed on your horse, one of my docs will come out and do a thorough physical examination on your horse to make sure he is healthy for sedation. Then they will sedate your horse, place a speculum, and open your horse’s mouth. One of my techs will then place your horse’s head in a head loop and my docs will go to work.

First, they will shine a bright light in your horse’s mouth (and likely in their tech’s eyes, but not on purpose, of course) to inspect all of your horse’s teeth for any abnormalities, including cavities, open roots, fractures, and any other dental problems horses can have. They will also use a mirror or camera to look at the very back of your horse’s mouth and they will probe any areas of concern.  While performing the oral examination they are also looking for any evidence of ulceration, foreign material and abnormalities in the wear of your horse’s teeth.

 

The Float

Since you all have your horses signed up on my wellness plans, you have been through this process before. But for you slackers out there, I will explain what happens during the dental float. Once my docs have assessed your horse’s mouth and made note of any problem areas, they will grab their float and get to work. During this time, they file down any sharp points that may be causing discomfort to your horse’s soft tissue. They also make sure that your horse’s teeth line up appropriately so they can continue to chew efficiently.

Horses often have conformational challenges that cause their teeth to wear incorrectly, where some teeth grow longer than others or sharp points called hooks develop. Most of the time my docs can correct abnormalities in one float, but sometimes they can’t make full corrections without compromising the integrity of your horse’s tooth. At this point they will likely suggest that your horse be seen again in 4-6 months to continue addressing the abnormality. Most often, however, they will recommend another dental examination with float in 1 year.

 

Radiographs

One of the best diagnostic tools my docs have on hand is the x-ray machine. Radiographs are great if your horse has nasal discharge, a foul odor from his mouth, or if your horse has been involved in any kind of trauma. If, during your horse’s oral examination, my docs find any concerning areas such as an open root, a fracture, or severe gingivitis, it is likely they will recommend dental radiographs. When my docs take radiographs, they will be able to look at the roots of your horse’s teeth to determine if there is an infection or abscess, if there is a tooth root fracture, and/or if any of your horse’s teeth need to be extracted. As horses age their tooth root becomes shorter and shorter and it is never a bad idea for my docs to shoot some radiographs of your older horse to assess how much tooth root remains and so they can take any preventative measures to maintain what teeth are left. Lucky for you, I had the bright idea to offer a dental radiograph package, so call the girls in the office for more information.

 

Incisors

During the final part of your horse’s dental examination and float my docs will look at the front teeth, or incisors. They will check for any abnormalities, overbite, underbite, non-viable teeth or disease, or other conformational changes. At times they may recommend radiographs of the incisors or floating of the enamel points to adjust their bite.  They will also remove any excess calculus that may be on your horse’s canines. For some reason, the docs and techs find this to be the best part of the dental. I, however, find it disgusting.  Either way, it is an important part of the dental as calculus build up can lead to gingivitis and other oral diseases.

You all go to the dentist every year, and you would not let your children skip the dentist, so don’t let your horse skip their yearly dental. Having a thorough oral examination and dental float performed will help keep your horse in tip top shape and prevent the spread of disease, weight loss, and keep them happy and healthy for years to come.

If you desire more information regarding your horse’s teeth and dental requirements, I expect to see you at my open house this Saturday, October 19th from 10am-2pm. Dr. Abbott will be doing a live dental demonstration including the oral examination and floating of sharp enamel points. If you don’t have any questions about dentals, that’s ok, I still expect to see you at the open house. You can pet me, you can get a signed copy of the best-selling book in the horse world, and you can be entered to win a free wellness plan! It’s a triple bonus.

 

Until next week,

~Tony

Tuesdays with Tony is the official blog of Tony the Clinic Cat at Springhill Equine Veterinary Clinic in Newberry, Florida. If you liked this blog, please subscribe below, and share it with your friends on social media! For more information, please call us at (352) 472-1620, visit our website at SpringhillEquine.com, or follow us on Facebook!

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Dry Weather and Colic

Dry Weather and Colic

Oct 7, 2019 | Colic, Sand colic

Tuesdays with Tony

This weather sucks. I know you’re shocked to get my honest opinion, but as a cat I feel I owe it to my adoring fans to be true to my nature, and my nature doesn’t like this weather. It’s true that I also don’t like rainy days, but I do like rain often enough that the grass doesn’t prick my paws as I walk around the Clinic property ensuring all is as it should be in my kingdom. The horses aren’t loving it either, but they have different reasons. 

 

Bits of grass, and lots of sand

 

Out in the pasture right now there are tiny bits of grass hanging on for dear life, just hoping for something resembling rain. The best we’ve gotten lately are some really foggy mornings. Those tiny bits of grass are looking really, really tasty to your horse. When your horse goes to grab that tiniest morsel of green goodness, they also pull up the roots. Those sad roots have nothing to hold onto right now, and give up the fight easily. With the roots comes sand, and you should know sand is less than ideal for the equine GI tract. If you don’t, you need to evaluate your reading habits because you aren’t reading my blog often enough. Right now horses are spending all their time looking hard for those tiny morsels, which means lots of sand is going in their GI tracts. It also means some green stuff (weeds) that isn’t grass looks better now than it normally would. 

Springhill Equine Veterinary Clinic

A Rain Dance would be nice

 

Sure, a rain dance would be nice, but in the meantime what’s a horse owner to do to try to help their horses make good decisions? HaHa! Horses never make good decisions. Just kidding (sort of). Anyway, real help. Look at your pasture set up to see if you can rotate the heck out of your pastures. Using the plastic step-in T-posts and electric tape is an easy way to block off areas of pasture to let them recuperate. Give pastures at least 10 days, and 14 days if possible, before putting horses back on them. While you won’t grow amazing grass this way, you will keep things at a tolerable level. If you can’t block off pastures, consider putting hay out. Now we normally talk about this at the first freeze, but with no grass, now’s a good time to start with hay. To avoid unscheduled visits from one of my Docs, be sure to slowly increase the amount of hay you’re putting out over 7-10 days. Don’t put a roll of coastal out until they are walking away from flakes, and be sure to add ½-1 flake of alfalfa or peanut hay daily to their diets. If you really want to minimize the risk of colic from hay, go with alfalfa or orchard/alfalfa pasture bales. Lots of horses can’t eat these without packing on the pounds, and for those coastal hay is a great option. 

 

Other ways to avoid Unscheduled Visits

 

This drought has been very noticeable for one thing around the Clinic: more colics. Let me tell you what my Docs don’t want to see you for: A Colic. They don’t like them any more than you do!!! Here’s my step-by-step process to avoid unscheduled visits thanks to the dreaded C word:

  1. Give your horse at least ½ flake peanut or alfalfa hay daily. One flake would be even better. These hays are high in natural salt content so they get your horse to head to the water trough, and they both have a natural laxative effect to help prevent impactions.
  2. Add water to your horse’s grain. This is the easiest way to get horses to “drink” more water. The soupier the better! It’s all added hydration.
  3. Be aware of how much sand they can consume. If you live on a sandy property, your horse is eating tons of it right now. If you don’t live on a sandy property, your horse is eating some right now. Feeding lots and lots of hay is the best way to move sand through the system! If in doubt, add in one of the sand clearing products for one week out of every month to really clean the pipes. My Docs can also x-ray or ultrasound for sand to help you have an idea how much sand is in there. 

We are all holding out hope for a lovely rainy week or two, but until that comes, I hope the cat wisdom helps you keep the colic away!

Now be a good human: 1. Scroll down a tiny bit farther 2. Subscribe to my blog 3. Never miss a bit of Tony wisdom.  It’s good stuff!

Until next week,

~Tony

Tuesdays with Tony is the official blog of Tony the Clinic Cat at Springhill Equine Veterinary Clinic in Newberry, Florida. If you liked this blog, please subscribe below, and share it with your friends on social media! For more information, please call us at (352) 472-1620, visit our website at SpringhillEquine.com, or follow us on Facebook!

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Herpes, AKA Rhino

Herpes, AKA Rhino

Sep 30, 2019 | Rhinopneumonitis

Tuesdays with Tony

This week let’s talk Herpes. We’ve all got it in some form, and we all got it the day we were born from our mothers. Why, you ask, am I discussing herpes on a horse blog? Well you horse people have to make things complicated, and instead of calling it herpes, you call it rhinopneumonitis. As a straightforward kind of cat, I never understand why you humans make the world more complicated. Speaking of complicated: rhinopneumonitis is really, really complicated! Read on for some Tony Truth.

 

The Wide World of Herpes

 

There are a whole lot of strains of herpes. There’s at least eight human strains, seven horse versions, and apparently cats are weird since I could only find one version we get. I think cats stop at perfection, so that’s why we only get one version. Anyway, back to horses. Why does it matter that there’s a bunch of strains? Because they all do something a little different. In horses, most of the versions cause short-lived respiratory signs. Fever, runny nose and eyes, and not feeling so good. One strain is just an immune suppressor as far as scientists can tell, and a couple strains are still unsolved mysteries. 

 

The gift that sticks around

 

All herpes, cat, dogs, human, horse, pig, you name it, stay forever. Once you get them, you got them, and there’s no making them go away. “WHAT?” you say. That’s right. Herpes is a master of immune system trickery. Through ways not completely understood, these viruses hang out in nerves undetected by the host’s immune system. They can stay that way for years!! What triggers it? Stress. Now that’s a vague word, stress. You may wonder what a cat (or horse) has to stress about. Will our staff be on time to feed us? Will our accommodations be up to our standards? Will I get to sleep the appropriate 18 hours today? Turns out these types of stresses can make herpes rear its ugly head. Know when all those stresses happen in the horse world? At a horse show. Really, anytime your horse gets on a trailer for longer than 2 hours. You heard that right, 2 hours. There’s a scary statistic for you!

Springhill Equine Veterinary Clinic

What’s Rhino do?

 

Yeah, yeah I switched the name from herpes to rhino. That’s because you horse people call it rhino. I guess I can’t throw stones too far (but I’m a cat, so I’ll try) since the cat herpes is called feline viral rhinotracheitis. Cats and horses share the most common symptoms of a herpes viremia (that’s the scientific name for herpes coming out of its nerve hibernation). Fevers, runny noses and eyes, and not feeling so hot are the most common signs of rhino. It lasts 2-3 days, the immune system says “Whoa, I let that rhino get a little wild,” and then it works to corral them back in the nerves. However, sometimes the strain is particularly good at making lots of copies of itself very quickly, or causing havoc to the lining of the blood vessels. When that happens, it can cause abortions in pregnant mares, and/or severe, even life threatening neurologic disease.

 

Great. How do I make it go away?

Vaccinate. I can hear you humans now. You’re asking your computer screen, “Tony said the virus never goes away, so why should I vaccinate?” Because I’m a cat, and I said so, and humans should do as I say. Also, vaccination for rhino helps protect all the other horses your horse comes in contact with. Let’s say your horse gets stressed. I’m being hypothetical here. I know your horse would never get stressed, but follow me. The rhino virus takes advantage of this to come out of hibernation, and replicate like crazy. If your horse is appropriately vaccinated, the immune system quickly identifies the virus, and stops the party. Viola! Lots less virus to infect other horses with. Now, being a human, you are thinking selfish thoughts. “I’m not giving this vaccine. It won’t even help MY horse.” If everyone thought that way, you guys would have a world full of feverish, runny-nose horses. Don’t be selfish. Vaccinate. 

Rhinopneumonitis isn’t a straight-forward vaccine schedule. Lots of things depend on your horse, your farm, and your horse’s lifestyle. Know who’s the best in the entire world at getting your vaccine schedule right? My Docs. Listen to the schedule they set up for you. It’s a good plan.

Not enough info for you? Subscribe to my blog below, and I’ll drop wisdom straight into your Inbox every week. Still need more? Check out the human’s podcast: Straight From the Horse Doctor’s Mouth. It’s loaded with horse knowledge! 

Until next week,

~Tony

Tuesdays with Tony is the official blog of Tony the Clinic Cat at Springhill Equine Veterinary Clinic in Newberry, Florida. If you liked this blog, please subscribe below, and share it with your friends on social media! For more information, please call us at (352) 472-1620, visit our website at SpringhillEquine.com, or follow us on Facebook!

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Pain Management

Pain Management

Sep 24, 2019 | Banamine, Drugs, Pain

Tuesdays with Tony

     Sometimes, in between cat naps, I pay attention to what medications you humans are picking up at the front desk. Names like ‘Bute’ ‘Banamine’ and ‘Equioxx’ have become pretty familiar to me. So this week I asked the docs what some of these frequently used medications were for. They explained to me that these are all different drugs used to manage pain in horses. Their explanation was fascinating. I never knew how much was involved in choosing the right drugs to control a horse’s pain!
      The ideal pain medication would be one that worked great, lasted all day, had zero side effects, and cost next to nothing. Unfortunately, this medication does not yet exist. So, we have to compromise somewhere. You are either going to have to pay a little more for a medication that has fewer side effects, be willing to administer doses more frequently- up to every few hours, or choose the cheapest option, realizing it has a downside.

NSAIDs

   When you think about managing pain in horses, Bute (generic for phenylbutazone) or Banamine (generic for flunixin meglumine) is probably the first drug to come to mind. These medications both fall into the category of NSAIDs, or non-steroidal anti-inflammatories. As the name implies, they are great at knocking out inflammation anywhere in the body. They also come in an easy-to-administer paste formulation, and they will keep working anywhere from 12 to 24 hours, which is super convenient. These drugs are both relatively inexpensive, with Bute being slightly more affordable than Banamine.
     The downside to Bute and Banamine, however, is the side effects. When given at a full dose for more than a few days, both of these drugs are notorious for causing right dorsal colitis, stomach ulcers, kidney damage, and liver damage. Right dorsal colitis is the most common and arguably the most serious of these side effects. This is an inflammatory condition of the large intestine which results in diarrhea, malabsorption of nutrients, ulceration, and leakage of GI contents. The condition is difficult to treat, can be life threatening, and often leaves the colon permanently damaged.
    NSAIDs cause right dorsal colitis and stomach ulcers because they knock out these little guys called prostaglandins. There are a couple different types. Several of them are inflammatory prostaglandins. When Bute and Banamine block these prostaglandins, it makes horses feel better. Other prostaglandins are involved in keeping the gut happy. When Bute and Banamine block these ‘good’ prostaglandins, you see the GI side effects described above.
     Now there is a newer NSAID which recently became available for horses called Equioxx. Equioxx is a COX-selective NSAID, which means it blocks the inflammatory prostaglandins without blocking the good ones. Equioxx is also super cool because it lasts so long- a good 24 hours- and it’s easy to give in the form of one tiny, tasteless pill. The disadvantage of Equioxx is that it is a fair bit more expensive than Bute, and anecdotally it doesn’t control pain quite as well as the other good old NSAIDs. However, if you have a horse with a history of GI ulcers or colitis, Equioxx is definitely your best bet.
     While NSAIDs will probably always be the first line of pain management in horses, it is important to understand the associated risks and always follow your veterinarian’s instructions when using these potent medications.

Steroids

   As the name non-steroidal anti-inflammatory would imply, another class of anti-inflammatories is steroids, which is short for corticosteroids. The steroids most commonly used in equine medicine are Dexamethasone, Prednisolone, and Depo-Medrol.
    Steroids are the most potent anti-inflammatory medication that exists, but they have effects on just about every organ system in the body. Steroids are actually produced endogenously (that’s a fancy doctor word that means inside the body) all the time. They play a role in several normal day-to-day functions.
    Steroids are very cheap, and the docs prescribe them regularly for primary inflammatory conditions such as equine asthma and skin allergies. Steroids are also used in joint injections to decrease the inflammation caused by arthritis. However, steroids are not the greatest at analgesia (another fancy doctor word which means the reduction of pain).
    Likely the biggest reason vets are hesitant to reach for steroids as a way to control pain is because of their #1 scariest side effect in horses: laminitis, or founder. For many equine practitioners, the risk of laminitis outweighs any potential benefit of reducing pain that steroids may provide.

The Others

   So you know you can’t use Bute or Banamine  for too long, or you risk blowing out your horse’s gut. You know you don’t want to use steroids because your horse could founder. Your horse is on a full dose of Equioxx at $2/day, but he’s still in pain. What else can you use?
    This is the point where vets start thinking outside the box, and using what’s called multi-modal therapy to manage pain in horses. While NSAIDs target inflammatory pathways, there are other pain pathways, such as nerve pathways, that can be targeted as well.
     Gabapentin is a neuro-modulating drug used as an anti-seizure medication in humans. It can be added to a vet’s pain control protocol to target the deep nerve pain associated with certain excruciating conditions in horses. Gabapentin is starting to get into big bucks, however, and it doesn’t seem to work well in some horses. Also, because horses have such a fast metabolism, it needs to be given every 8 hours to stay at therapeutic levels in the body.
     Another option for pain control often used (and abused) in the human world is opioids. Tramadol, an opioid that has been studied and used in horses, has been criticized in the veterinary world as not working well to actually control pain, but primarily causing sedation. It seems that while Tramadol is a miracle drug for some horses with chronic pain conditions, it doesn’t make much of a difference for others. In addition to the obvious drawback that it is a controlled and closely regulated drug in the United States, another disadvantage to Tramadol is that it doesn’t last very long in horses. Studies have shown that the half-life of Tramadol is only about 3 hours, meaning that 3 hours after administration, half of the Tramadol has already been filtered out of the bloodstream, and by 6 hours it is nearly all gone. Who has time to medicate their horses every 6 hours? Not this cat!
   It may seem simple, but a medication that has recently started to be investigated in horses is Tylenol. Yep, the same Tylenol you can buy at your local pharmacy. Since it hasn’t been used much in horses, not much is known about Tylenol’s potential side effects, but early results suggest it is relatively safe. Now, you may think Tylenol is a cheap alternative, but consider that you will be going through about 1 giant bottle of extra-strength Tylenol every 3 days to treat an animal as big as a horse, so the cost does add up. Based on preliminary research, Tylenol doesn’t seem to be potent enough to control pain in horses when used by itself, but it is a promising drug that can be added to your horse’s pain management therapy.
   Well, there you have it: everything you ever wanted to know about pain control in horses.   But don’t take my word for it. If you have any questions about managing your horse’s pain, I can think of 3 excellent humans who also happen to be veterinarians that would be happy to answer them.
     Until next week,
         Tony
P.S. So the humans did a podcast on this topic. If you want to hear it Straight from the Horse Doctor’s Mouth, she does a pretty good job of explaining things. Well, for a human, anyway. You can listen right here on my website, or wherever you get your podcasts.

Tuesdays with Tony is the official blog of Tony the Clinic Cat at Springhill Equine Veterinary Clinic in Newberry, Florida. If you liked this blog, please subscribe below, and share it with your friends on social media! For more information, please call us at (352) 472-1620, visit our website at SpringhillEquine.com, or follow us on Facebook!

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Cribbing

Cribbing

Sep 16, 2019 | Cribbing

Tuesdays with Tony

Horses are weird. One of my Docs has a horse who cribs. This behavior makes absolutely no sense to me. Cats would never do something this weird. Why on earth would you want to grab a board, or, worse yet, metal, with your teeth, bite down, and lean back all while sucking in air? And yet, cribbing horses are driven to do just that, sometimes no matter how hard their humans try to prevent it. Think you know why they crib? Think again! It’s time to do some mythbusting, Tony style. 

 

It’s because they have ulcers

 

That’s a big old maybe, but probably not. Gastrogard was sure they were going to cure cribbing, but a study of cribbers showed many of them didn’t have ulcers at all. So scratch ulcers off the list of things that causes cribbing. 

 

It’s because they have been in a stall

 

This one is a maybe, but it’s complicated. Much like how to properly pet a cat, there are a lot of individual factors that go into being a cribber. Just putting a horse in a stall won’t cause one to start cribbing. Putting a horse in a stall, keeping them there 23 hours per day, and feeding them a lot of grain, now that’s how to make a cribber, mostly. There’s a big maybe to even that part of things. Spoiler alert: going to talk about that in a sec.

 

It’s because they learned it from a cribber

NO. NO. NO. This one is a definite no. Got that? This is not how horses start cribbing. There are approximately 1 bajillion studies to back me up on this. 

 

Alright, how do they become a cribber?

 

A combination of nature and nurture creates a cribber. There is without a doubt an inherited component to cribbing. It’s not straightforward though. If mom or dad is a cribber, it doesn’t mean the kids will all crib. Studies have shown about 10% of the kids will crib. That means it’s not one gene, but a combo pack of genes. 

 

Once they’ve got the genes, it also takes the right environment. Sure, being a thoroughbred who goes from living in a field with mom, to being in a stall in race training can do it. Lots of other things can, too. We have one horse in the practice who was born on a 300 acre farm, lived outside her entire life, and started cribbing at around 8-10 months old. This farm had full and half siblings to this filly who never cribbed, and her mom never has either. Moral of that little story is to try to minimize stress as much as possible, but sometimes horses will be horses no matter what. 

 

Can they at least not crib?

 

Yes and No is the best answer to that question. That’s very cat of me, isn’t it? Horses who crib are really driven to crib. The old version of the reason is the release of endorphins when they crib causes a high. Scientists don’t quite have the answer to what drives cribbing, but they have found out the old version is wrong. In fact, the release of endorphins from something pleasurable, like eating, will often cause a horse to crib more! That intense drive to crib means when the behavior is stopped, these horses get a spike in cortisol, and that’s not what we want. Cortisol is the hormone responsible for fight or flight. High levels cause all kinds of problems. Telling your horse he can’t crib is like putting him underneath a fireworks show in a strange barn with no other horses. It’s seriously stressful. 

Springhill Equine Veterinary Clinic

Managing cribbing is the best plan for cribbers. Figure out what works for you and your horse. If possible, train your horse to crib on something with a bit of give. Take that favorite post and cover it with rubber mat material, or work to train them that the stall door is bad, but this board you put there just for cribbing is OK. Other tricks that minimize cribbing time are low starch, small, grain meals. Studies found high sugar grains, like sweet feed, stimulated more cribbing behavior than plain oats. Most horse feeds these days are low in sugar, but if you’ve got questions, my Docs have answers. Keeping forage in front of your cribber all the time is another great way to decrease the behavior. Finally, turn out as much as possible with a friend has been shown to minimize time spent cribbing. 

 

Don’t discount that perfect horse just because he’s a cribber. Good management means you can have a great horse, and your horse can have a great life. 

Until next week,

~ Tony

P.S. I learned a bunch of the stuff in this week’s blog from Dr. Carissa Wickens. I eavesdropped on a podcast she recently did with Dr. Lacher and Justin Long. Check it out on any podcasting platform. It’s called Straight From The Horse Doctor’s Mouth, and it’s pretty darn good. You might also be interested in the book right underneath this. I hear it’s an Amazon bestseller, and getting rave reviews! Just thought I’d let you know.

Tuesdays with Tony is the official blog of Tony the Clinic Cat at Springhill Equine Veterinary Clinic in Newberry, Florida. If you liked this blog, please subscribe below, and share it with your friends on social media! For more information, please call us at (352) 472-1620, visit our website at SpringhillEquine.com, or follow us on Facebook!

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